Soalan Ramalan Physiology

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Marks

CNS : ……..( 35 : 40 marks )
Kidney :….....( 27 : 25 marks)
Endocrine :…. ( 15 : 22 marks) GIT …….:…. ( 15 ….. marks)
Special sense…. ( 15 … marks)
Metabolism …..( 15 … marks)

1- C.N.S

1- adaptation of the receptors .
2- mechanism of the reseptor potential .
3- proprioceptive sensation .
4- significance of cutanouse pain . ( = types , reaction ) .
5- ischemic pain ( cause , character ( same character of deep pain ) .
6- visceral pain ( cause , character , localization ) .
7- refaired pain ( def , character , mech ) .
8- pain control system ( component , mechanism ) .
9- intracranial headache ( sources , stimulation , localization , causes ) .
10- compare ( ) area 312 , area 5.7 ( function , lesion ) .
11- synaptic inhibition .
12- proprites of synaptic transmission ( esp.. post tetanic + long term potentiation )
13- characters of post synaptic potential = EPSP +IPSP .
14- post synaptic reseptors ( ligand gated + G.ptn coupled ) .
15- compare( )1ry + 2ry motor areas( site,representation ,function ,connection, lesion)
16- CBST ( origin ,course , function , division ) .
17- compare ( ) VST +RST .
18- compare ( ) tecto and rebro spinal tracts .
19- function of interneurons .
20- properties of polysynaptic somatic spinal reflexes(esp. recruitment after discharge , reciprocal inhibition ) .
21- flexion withdrawal reflex ( mech , significance , crossed extensor reflex ) …
22- sk . ms . tone ( regulation , function , mechanism ) .
23- supraspinal control of stretch reflex ( = ms tone ) .
24- ms spindle ( def, site, shape, contain , innerv, methods of st., func.= func.of streatch reflex ) .
25- compare ( ) UMNL + LMNL .
26- shock stage of complete transection of spinal cord .
27- recovery stages of complete transection of spinal cord .
28- hemisection of spinal cord .
29- mechanism of stimulation of macula and its function .
30- nstagmus ( def, causes , component , significance ) .
31- thalamic function ( especially : sensory ) .
32- connection and function of basal ganglia .
33- parkinsonism ( def , causes ,manifestation ) .
34- role of cerebellum in regulation of voluntary movement .
35- equilibrium and body posture of regulation of cerebellum .
36- neural connection of cerebellm .
37- ataxia ( def , type, manifestation ) .

2- Kidney

1- factors affecting GFR .
2- structural function of JGA .
3- significance of H secretion and execretion = regulation of H = acid base balance .
4- Na reabsorption in proximal tubule .
5- Na reabsorption in LH , DCT , CD ..
6- absorptive ,secretory function in PT related to Na reabsorption .
7- role of medullary gradient in concentration of urine .
8- role of vasa recta in concentration and ADH in regulation of water balance .
9- diuretics
10- K balance ( regulation + factors affecting ) .
11- micturation ( innervation + abnormalities + role of higer centers ) .

3-Endocrine

1- mechanism of hormonal action .
2- control of hormonal action .
3- function of thyroid gland .
4- control of thyroid hormones .
5- control and function of glucocoticoids .
6- hormonal regulation of Ca + phosphate levels .
7- physiology of growth = factors affecting growth .
8- function of prolactin hormone and its control .
9- anterior pituitary ( enumerate types of hormones released , control of its release ) .
10- discuss growth hormones ( function , control of release , mechanism of action ) .
11- function of ADH and its regulation .
12- function of oxytocin .
13- action of insulin , glucagon and somatostatin in regulation of blood glucose level 14- regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion .

4-Metabolism

* ( 1st question is one of the following )

factors affecting RQ and its significan 1-
2- causes ,factors affecting SDA and its significance .
3- energy balance ( def , E input , E output ) .
4- factors affecting BMR
* ( 2nd question is one of the following )
1- discuss the sweating ( sweat (def, composi., mech, active processs , characters) + sweat gland ( histo , types) + effect of aldosteron + its role in regulate body temp. in hot weather ) …………….. ( 10 markes ) ..
2- regulation of body temp.
3- compare ( ) fever , hypothermia , hyperthermia ..
4- skin role as radiator system ..

5- Special Sense

A- Vision

1- binocular vision ( def , requirements , advantages , corresponding retinal points ) .
2- retinal adaptation ( in table compare ( ) dark ,light adaptation ( def,ex, mech. Changes ) ) .
3- steps of phototransduction = mech of vision .
4- secretion of aqueous humour and its function .
5- corneal function , transprancy ( causes , factors ) .
6- photoreceptors ( rods + cones )…..( similarites , differences ) .
7- iris ( function , structure ) ..
8- lacrimal apparatus ( compos , innerv , mech of sec, tears ) .
9- composition pericorneal tear film ..
10- duplicity theory of retinal function ..

B- Hearing

1- function of ossicular system of the middle ear .
2- function of middle ear ms and Eustachian
3- mechanism of hearing ( N.B. so important you must study it as whole ) ..
4- encoding of auditory information ..
5- basilar membrane ( def , structure , function ) N.B you must give short note about
Organ of corti .

6- G . I . T

1- succus entericus ( composition , control , function ) ..
2- mechanism of fecal continence..
3- general mechanism of absorption / OR : CHO , Lipid and ptn reabsorption ..
4- defecation ( mechanism , control ) ..
5- mechanism and phases of gastric secretion ..
6- mechanism of HCL secretion + GMB ..
7- vomitting ..
8- types of gastric motility and its regulation ..
9- nervous regulation of GIT function …
10- compare ( ) >>> ( gastrin , cck , secretin ) ..
11- phases and control of pancreatic juice secretion and its function ..
12- bile salts ( types , function ) ..
13- function of gallbladder ..
14- phases and control of salivation …
15- compare ( ) upper + lower esophageal sphincter ..
16- phases of diglutation …
17- motor function of small intestine .. ( 45 % )